It favors sandy or muddy bottoms in calm water, and is also sometimes encountered near rocky reefs or in estuaries, as it is tolerant of low salinity. [16], Encountered singly or in "social" groups, the common stingray appears to segregate by sex to some degree and may be more active at night, tending to bury itself in sediment during daytime. However, the common stingray lacks the blue markings of the other species and differs in morphological and meristic characters, which led the latter to be definitively recognized as a separate species by Paul Cowley and Leonard Compagno in 1993. [13] This species is a plain dark purple to blue-green above, extending onto the tail fold, and a slightly lighter shade below. FishBase. (2009). 357-374. [5] In the present day, the pectoral fins or "wings" of this species are sold smoked or dried and salted, and it is also utilized as a source of fishmeal and liver oil. The diet of the pelagic stingray consists of free-swimming invertebrates and bony fishes. Nishida, K. and K. Nakaya (1990). Posterior to the spine origin, there is a low ventral fin fold that does not reach to the spine tip. [6], The blue stingray (Dasyatis chrysonota) of southern Africa has long been regarded as a variant of the common stingray. It also occurs, though in significantly lower numbers, in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean from southern Norway and the western Baltic Sea to Madeira and the Canary Islands. [13], The common stingray has been reported to reach a width of 1.4 m (4.6 ft) and a length of 2.5 m (8.2 ft), though a width of 45 cm (18 in) is more typical. [33], Recent research has been conducted into reducing pelagic stingray bycatch on longlines by switching to larger and/or "C"-shaped hooks.[34]. The common stingray is protected within five marine protected areas (MPAs) in the Balearic Islands, and also benefits from a European Union ban on the use of trawls within 5.6 km (3.5 mi) of the coast.[1]. [3] In the northwestern Atlantic, it is found in or near the Gulf Stream from December to April, and moves north of the Stream to gather near the continental shelf from July to September. [19][20][21], Pelagic stingrays may segregate by sex, vertically in that males are found in deeper water than females, and perhaps horizontally as well. Trygon violacea Bonaparte, 1832. [18] Common stingrays have been observed closely following each other in the presence of food, possibly to take advantage of other individuals' foraging success.
It is aplacental viviparous: the embryos are nourished by yolk and later histotroph ("uterine milk") produced by the mother. [3][10], In the Pacific, females give birth in winter from November to March in a nursery area near Central America, prior to their northward migration. [12] One study in the Gulf of İskenderun off Turkey found that crustaceans comprised some 99% of its diet, with fish prey becoming increasingly important with age. [1] It reportedly does great damage to cultured shellfish beds. [2][3] The genus Trygon has since been synonymized with Dasyatis.
[11] Juvenile rays consume 6–7% of their body weight in food per day, which declines to just above 1% in adults. Disc widths (DW) ranged from 28.0 to 66.0 cm for females and from 34.0 to 59.6 cm for males. [3] The pelagic stingray typically grows to 1.3 m (4.3 ft) long and 59 cm (23 in) across. [3][5] The Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder (23–79 AD), in his Natural History, asserted that its spine was capable of killing trees, piercing armor like an arrow, and corroding iron. ; Froese, R. (2001). Susceptible to longlines, gillnets, purse seines, and bottom trawls, it is captured incidentally in large numbers throughout its range. There are 25–34 upper tooth rows and 25–31 lower tooth rows; the teeth of both sexes have single, pointed cusps, but those of adult males are longer and sharper than those of adult females. The smallest, 40-45 cm disc width (DW) and 2 kg, were estimated to approach age two. (2001). Newborns measure 15–25 cm (5.9–9.8 in) across. One of the most prolific rays, its intrinsic population growth rate is up to 31% a year.
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