The American Revolution originated in Massachusetts with the first resistance against British colonial rules. This gives people an opportunity to find housing in neighborhoods that support the environment. General Howe is believed to have said that the Americans had done more in one night than his army could have done in six months. State Street Corporation, which specializes in asset management and custody services, is based in the city. The mayor has executive powers. Boston covers an area of approximately 89 square miles, including land (48 square miles) and water (41 square miles). The climate is colder but drier in western Massachusetts, although its winter snowfalls may be more severe than those nearer the coast. English explorer and colonist John Smith named the state for the Massachuset tribe, whose name meant “near the great hill”—believed to refer to Blue Hill, which rises south of Boston in an otherwise flat area. This score is available on a public online dashboard and allows city managers in police, fire, schools, emergency management services, and 3-1-1 to take action and make adjustments in areas of concern. The Boston area's many colleges and universities make it a world leader in higher education,[21] including law, medicine, engineering, and business, and the city is considered to be a global pioneer in innovation and entrepreneurship, with nearly 5,000 startups. This is, by a large margin, the highest concentration of such institutions in a single metropolitan area. In 2006, the US Census Bureau estimated non-Hispanic whites again formed a slight majority but as of 2010[update], in part due to the housing crash, as well as increased efforts to make more affordable housing more available, the non-white population has rebounded. Farmers and their sons and daughters trekked to the new cities; by the mid-1870s, Massachusetts had become the first state in the Union in which more people lived in towns and cities than in rural areas. Boston also operates the United States' second-oldest public high school and its oldest public elementary school. However, in winter areas near the immediate coast will often see more rain than snow as warm air is drawn off the Atlantic at times. "The Hull Mint produced several denominations of silver coinage, including the pine tree shilling, for over 30 years until the political and economic situation made operating the mint no longer practical." The state’s merchants, such as Francis Cabot Lowell, whose fortunes depended on trade, sought safer investments after severe losses during the War of 1812. Between 1631 and 1890, the city tripled its area through land reclamation by filling in marshes, mud flats, and gaps between wharves along the waterfront. [183], Four members of the Association of American Universities are in Greater Boston (more than any other metropolitan area): Harvard University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston University, and Brandeis University. Some consider the Old Corner Bookstore to be the "cradle of American literature", the place where these writers met and where The Atlantic Monthly was first published. Both sides faced difficulties and supply shortages in the siege, and the fighting was limited to small-scale raids and skirmishes. July is the hottest month, averaging about 71 °F (22 °C), in contrast to 26 °F (−3 °C) in January, the coldest month. [251], Boston Common, near the Financial District and Beacon Hill, is the oldest public park in the United States. [citation needed], The city has a Jewish population of an estimated 248,000 Jews within the Boston metro area. '[203] From this, Boston has been called the "Athens of America" (also a nickname of Philadelphia[204]) for its literary culture, earning a reputation as "the intellectual capital of the United States".[205]. Spring and fall are usually cool to mild, with varying conditions dependent on wind direction and jet stream positioning. [44][45][47], After the Revolution, Boston's long seafaring tradition helped make it one of the world's wealthiest international ports, with the slave trade,[48] rum, fish, salt, and tobacco being particularly important.
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