The chemical composition, pore size structure, and ion exchange properties of zeolites are responsible for their versatile catalytic behavior (De Lima et al., 2016). (2020). doi: 10.1002/ceat.201100119, Silitonga, A. S., Masjuki, H. H., Mahlia, T. M. I., Ong, H. C., Chong, W. T., and Boosroh, M. H. (2013a). (2014) studied Na2ZrO3 as a basic catalyst for the transesterification of soybean oil. Under the optimized reaction conditions: ratio of ethanol to oil of 15:1 M, 10 wt.% catalyst, and reaction temperature of 70°C for 50 min; 84.6% fatty acid ethyl ester was obtained. Enzymatic biodiesel synthesis – Key factors affecting efficiency of the process. These catalysts contain a variety of acidic sites with different strengths of Brønsted or Lewis acidity.
143, 23–32.
(2019) synthesized three novel carbon-based MgO solid bases using sol–gel and calcination method for biodiesel production from castor oil. Biodiesel production from castor oil in Egypt: process optimisation, kinetic study, diesel engine performance and exhaust emissions analysis.
Some of the latest works on nanocatalysts for the transesterification reaction are summarized in Table 5. (2016) studied the acidic catalytic activity of zeolite Y with Si/Al ratio of 3.1, in the esterification of oleic acid. Metallic hydroxides are frequently used as catalysts due to lower prices but generally possess lower activity than alkoxides. Biodiesel production from palm oil using hydrated lime-derived CaO as a low-cost basic heterogeneous catalyst. Catal. affect the biodiesel yield for enzyme-catalyzed transesterification. The advantages of these catalysts are their tunable high basic strength obtained by changing the ratio of Mg/Al and the inherent better catalyst morphology compared to alkaline earth metal oxides. Homogeneous catalysts are generally efficient in converting biodiesel with low FFA and water containing single-origin feedstock (Silitonga et al., 2013a). (2014a). One of the processes is alcoholysis or transesterification in the presence of a suitable catalyst. Catal. (2016). Biodiesel is one of the potential alternative energy sources that can be derived from renewable and low-grade origin through different processes. 2. 225, 616–624. They reported a maximum biodiesel conversion efficiency of 98.3% at 3% of catalyst in 3 h of reaction time at 65°C reaction temperature. Hu et al. (2015). (2018). (2020). Fuel Process. (2018) studied the catalytic activity of 1–5 wt.% La2O3 in ZrO2 mixed metal oxides produced using sol–gel method and calcined at 600°C in biodiesel production from canola oil through methanolysis reaction. Transesterification of castor oil to biodiesel using NaY zeolite-supported La2O3 catalysts. Overview properties of biodiesel diesel blends from edible and non-edible feedstock. The typical examples of these catalysts are nonporous Nafion resins and porous Amberlysts. These catalysts can be classified as Brønsted or Lewis catalysts (Di Serio et al., 2008). Exploring new catalyst supports with selective surface area and interconnected system of appropriate pore sizes. Biodiesel production using CaO/γ-Al2O3 catalyst synthesized by sol-gel method. Yaşar (2019) studied the catalytic activity of waste-eggshell-based CaO and compared it to the pure CaO. Bioresour. Manag.
Chem. Both acidic and basic catalysts come under this category. Catalytic performance of NaAlO2/γ-Al2O3 as heterogeneous nanocatalyst for biodiesel production: optimization using response surface methodology. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. Energy Convers.
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