Soon, however, the politics grew complex, and the proposed plan became very contentious for the Republican Party. By the end of this section, you will be able to: The tension between local and national politics described in the previous section is essentially a struggle between interpretations of representation. Are earmarks a vital part of legislating or a corrupt practice that was rightly jettisoned? It’s time for us all to wake up. Representation matters, and it is hard to trust a government that doesn’t look anything like you -- especially when neither national party is trying particularly hard to change it. In this section, we will explore three different models of representation and the concept of descriptive representation. Relatively few people outside Congress had ever heard of the term before the 2008 presidential election, when Republican nominee Senator John McCain touted his career-long refusal to use the earmark as a testament to his commitment to reforming spending habits in Washington.30 McCainâs criticism of the earmark as a form of corruption cast a shadow over a previously common legislative practice. Edmund Burke, "Speech to the Electors of Bristol," 3 November 1774.
And if they did, he would certainly have vetoed them. At one time, there was relatively little concern about descriptive representation in Congress. One of the events that began the approval rating’s downward trend was Congress’s divisive debate over national deficits. Nor do constituents always agree on everything. The reason has to do with the remarkable ability of many in the United States to separate their distaste for Congress from their appreciation for their own representative. And as representatives of their constituents, they are charged with addressing those constituents’ interests. In fact, the use of earmarks to encourage Republicans to help pass health care reform actually made the bill less popular with the public. This is the delegate model of representation. Predictably, it is far more difficult for Congress to maintain a level of collective representation than it is for individual members of Congress to represent their own constituents. The concept of collective representation describes the relationship between Congress and the United States as a whole. Only one of these 52 representatives – Will Hurd of Texas – is a Republican. By taking them away, Congress has hampered its own ability to “bring home the bacon.”. The peaks of congressional approval ratings have each occurred when the United States began military involvements overseas. Kamala Harris, D-Calif., joined their ranks in 2017. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a In more formal language, allocation, or the influencing of the national budget in ways that help the district or state, can mean securing funds for a specific districtâs project like an airport, or getting tax breaks for certain types of agriculture or manufacturing.
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